Gibraltar, a strategic British territory at the entrance to the Mediterranean, has long been a point of contention between Spain and Britain. During World War II, the situation seemed to present Spain with a potential opportunity to retake Gibraltar. However, despite diplomatic pressure from Nazi Germany and the Axis powers, Spain ultimately chose not to act. Several key factors influenced this decision, including Spain’s political stance, military limitations, economic struggles, and the risk of Allied retaliation.
1. Spain’s Official Neutrality
Spain, under the leadership of General Francisco Franco, declared itself neutral at the outset of World War II. While Franco had sympathies for Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy due to their support during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939), he was cautious about fully committing to the Axis.
By remaining neutral, Spain avoided being dragged into a costly war while still benefiting from economic and diplomatic ties with both sides. Franco also feared that if he openly sided with Germany, Spain could become a target for a British or Allied invasion.
2. Economic and Military Weakness
The Spanish Civil War had left Spain economically and militarily depleted. By 1939, the country was in ruins, suffering from food shortages, infrastructure damage, and a weakened army. Launching a military campaign to seize Gibraltar would have required substantial resources, which Spain simply did not have.
Additionally, Britain had heavily fortified Gibraltar. British forces had built extensive defensive tunnels, underground bunkers, and artillery positions, making an invasion extremely difficult. Spain lacked the military capability to successfully storm the Rock without significant Axis military support, which was never fully provided.
3. Failed Negotiations with Nazi Germany
In October 1940, Hitler met Franco in Hendaye, France, to discuss Spain’s possible entry into the war on the Axis side. Hitler was interested in using Spain to cut off British access to the Mediterranean by capturing Gibraltar. However, Franco set high demands, including:
Massive shipments of food and military supplies.
Territorial concessions in French Morocco and Algeria.
Protection from possible British and U.S. retaliation.
Hitler, already frustrated by logistical challenges on other fronts, found Franco’s demands excessive. After this meeting, Hitler is reported to have said that negotiating with Franco was “like having teeth pulled.” As a result, Germany never provided Spain with enough resources or guarantees to encourage an attack on Gibraltar.
4. Fear of Allied Retaliation
Spain was heavily dependent on imports of food, fuel, and other essential goods. The United States and Britain controlled Spain’s oil supply, and an invasion of Gibraltar would have likely resulted in an economic blockade.
Furthermore, Spain feared a direct British or Allied military response. British forces stationed in Gibraltar and in nearby North Africa could have launched a counteroffensive against Spain, potentially leading to devastating consequences.