During World War II, dive bombers were some of the most effective weapons against ships, capable of delivering precision strikes on heavily armored targets like battleships and aircraft carriers. To maximize their effectiveness and survivability, dive bombers used specific tactics and approaches based on the mission, enemy defenses, and weather conditions. Here's an overview of the best approaches dive bombers employed when attacking ships:
1. Coordinated Group Attack
Tactic: Dive bombers typically attacked in groups to overwhelm the target's anti-aircraft (AA) defenses. A formation of bombers, often supported by torpedo bombers or fighters, could divide the target's AA fire, making it harder to defend against every incoming threat.
Why it Worked: Concentrating firepower increased the likelihood of critical hits and ensured that at least some aircraft would penetrate the target’s defensive screen.
2. Altitude and Angle of Approach
Initial Altitude: Dive bombers usually began their approach at high altitude (10,000 to 15,000 feet). This allowed them to evade detection for as long as possible and gain sufficient height for an effective dive.
Dive Angle: An ideal dive angle ranged between 60° and 90°. Steeper dives increased accuracy and reduced the target’s ability to maneuver out of the bomb’s path.
A near-vertical dive (90°) allowed bombs to strike the deck at the best angle to penetrate armor.
Release Altitude: Bombs were typically released at an altitude of 1,500 to 2,000 feet. Releasing too high reduced accuracy, while releasing too low increased the risk of bomb blast damage or being caught in the ship's AA fire.
3. Attack Timing
Element of Surprise: Dive bombers often used clouds or terrain for cover, approaching undetected until the last moment.
Sequential Dives: Aircraft would attack sequentially rather than all at once. This staggered attack maintained constant pressure on the target and forced its AA gunners to continually shift focus.
4. Target Selection
Critical Points: Dive bombers aimed for vital parts of a ship, such as:
Flight decks (on carriers) to cripple air operations.
Turrets and magazines (on battleships and cruisers) for catastrophic explosions.
Propulsion systems (engine rooms) to immobilize the ship.
Bomb Types: Armor-piercing bombs were used against heavily armored ships, while general-purpose bombs were used for less protected targets.
5. Defensive Maneuvers
Evasive Action Post-Release: After releasing their bombs, dive bombers often executed sharp turns and dives to evade AA fire and enemy fighters. They would drop altitude quickly to escape detection and return to their carrier or base.
Mutual Support: Fighters often accompanied dive bombers to provide cover against defending aircraft.