Admiral Karl Dönitz's ability to openly argue with Adolf Hitler and avoid cooperating in turning over Jews is a fascinating aspect of his career during Nazi Germany. While he was a staunch supporter of the regime, several factors contributed to his ability to "get away with" dissent in certain areas.
1. Strategic Importance to the Reich
Dönitz was a key figure in the German military due to his leadership of the U-boat fleet and his strategic development of the wolfpack tactics that threatened Allied shipping during the Battle of the Atlantic. His success and expertise made him indispensable to Hitler’s war effort, particularly as Germany sought to disrupt the Allies' supply lines. This strategic value afforded him some leeway to voice dissent on specific issues without fear of immediate reprisal.
2. Focus on Professionalism
Dönitz was a military professional who maintained a relatively apolitical stance compared to some of his contemporaries. While he supported the Nazi regime's war aims, his focus was almost entirely on the navy's operational needs. He avoided becoming deeply entangled in the Nazi Party's internal politics, which likely shielded him from some of the risks associated with opposing Hitler or refusing to cooperate in turning over Jews.
For instance, in one notable instance, Dönitz is said to have resisted efforts to purge Jewish naval officers during the early years of the regime, arguing that loyalty and competence were more important than racial background. His ability to frame these arguments in purely professional terms may have helped him avoid direct confrontation with ideological hardliners.
3. Hitler’s Relationship with Dönitz
Hitler valued loyalty, competence, and a willingness to implement his strategic goals. Dönitz demonstrated unwavering commitment to executing Hitler's military directives, even if he occasionally voiced disagreements over tactics or priorities. This earned him Hitler’s trust, enabling him to challenge the Führer on occasion without severe consequences.
It is worth noting that Hitler eventually named Dönitz his successor, appointing him as President of Germany and Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces in his will. This decision highlights the high regard Hitler had for Dönitz's abilities and loyalty.
4. Selective Disagreement
Dönitz’s disagreements with Hitler were typically focused on military strategy rather than ideological matters, which made them less likely to provoke a severe reaction. Hitler often tolerated disagreements when they came from trusted military advisors offering tactical or operational advice, especially if the advice was seen as pragmatic or grounded in expertise.
For example, Dönitz reportedly disagreed with Hitler over the allocation of naval resources and strategic priorities in the Atlantic, advocating for greater emphasis on submarine production rather than surface ships. These disputes were rooted in military practicality, which Hitler sometimes accepted, even grudgingly.